MHE510, Occupational Health and Safety, Mod 3 SLP Essay

MHE510, Occupational Health and Safety, Mod 3 SLP - Essay Example One must remember however, that the loudest noises do not matter if they are not in an area that exposes employees (Hager, 2007). Hearing loss can seldom be restored so it must be prevented. Once it is determined where the noise levels either need to be attenuated or the employee needs to be protected, one can establish the type of protection to use. Second, the issue of employee education must be approached as all of these employees must have a thorough understanding of what causes hearing loss is, how permanent it is, and how to protect themselves. The group of employees at risk according to this case study are the fork lift operators. When selecting a HPD or hearing protection device, many managers choose the cheapest that prevents the most exposure. The problem with this is that it may not be the right one for the kind of exposure that is found in this particular situation. Employees must also understand the OSHA rules that pertain to these issues. OSHA requires mandatory hearing protection for employees that are exposed to 8 hours of dBA of 90 or greater. There must be signs posted in areas where this equipment should be used and . Once it is decided what protection equipment is to be used, it must then be enforced with loss of job for not using the equipment as ask. According to Ross, (2007) the University of Washington recommends the following for hearing protection Some of the possibilities include earplugs which should not be used in a dirty area as employees will roll the plugs with dirty hands and then put them in their ears. Others that are useful are canal caps and ear muffs. The company will have better compliance if the employee can choose from the ones that work in their area, the one that is most comfortable to them. Canal caps resemble ear plugs but are on a flexible band which is worn over the head. They work as well as ear plugs but do not have to be put down in a dirty area. They may, however,

HRA340 MODULE 5; Training Project, Part 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

HRA340 MODULE 5; Training Project, Part 3 - Essay Example The firm can also use social media to offer training since it will save the firm from travelling expenses if all the employees were to travel at the physical premises so as to receive training. (Bacon, 1999). Sales representatives who may be interested in using motorcycles may use interactive multimedia training so as to learn how to ride motorcycles followed by a proficiency test to see how the employee knows how to ride the motorcycle Technology-based learning enables the trainer to get more of the learner’s involvement compared to any other environment. Besides, the trainees have the advantage of learning at their own pace such as through interactive video, PC and phone-based programs, along with interactive multimedia. These technologies are cost effective to the firm to the firm in the long-run, but costly in the short-run since it quite expensive to install internet infrastructure and purchasing computers. Simulators are described by Noe (2013) as an imitation of real work experiences. The simulators may be used to train the new recruits on how to talk with new customers and convince them to buy in a simulated environment. In addition, the motorcycle-sales representatives could utilise simulators to practise responding to dangerous riding circumstances. However, simulators are very costly for a firm like Binz. Purchasing simulators may cost about $5000. Shifting right into work is regarded as one of the most effective ways of training. The trainees will read manuals to get gain knowledge on various tasks in the sales department. The trainer could also use the internet so that the trainees could post their questions regarding the specific duties that will be answered by the trainer. On-the-job training offers employee the motivation to commence a job. Studies have shown that individuals learn more effectively when they learn hands-on. In this case, the new sales representatives could work with the older employees who would teach them how to carry

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Health And Social Care Essay

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Health And Social Care Essay Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is a serious respiratory condition of diffuse alveolar injury seen frequently in intensive care patients. It was first identified in 1967 by Ashbaugh, Bigelow, Petty and Levine as the acute onset of broad respiratory symptoms. This improved the clinical and pathological understanding of the condition. Small changes to therapeutic practice have developed, however despite these developments the morbidity and mortality in patients of all ages with ARDS remains significantly high (Fan, Needham, Stewart, 2005). This topic has been chosen by the author as they have a personal interest in this type of patient after having recently cared for a critically ill ARDS patient in their ICU (Intensive Care Unit). The author has previously been involved in caring for ARDS patients at their place of work and over that period has observed changing practices and treatment. A further knowledge and understanding of this complex patient is their motivation for this topic. A case study relating to a case of ARDS is attached as Appendix 1 and will be referred to throughout this assignment. The pathophysiology of this disease leading up to the presenting signs and symptoms of ARDS will be presented. Current literature and treatment trends will be discussed in conjunction with the medical and nursing practice observed within the ICU workplace. Treatment trends and recommended best practices will be identified and critically analysed. Recommendations will then be presented to encourage best practice within the ICU workplace. First described in 1967 by Ashbaugh and colleagues as Adult Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, ARDS patients continue to have a high rate of mortality and morbidity (Fan, Needham, Stewart, 2005). A definition was implemented in 1988 (MORE DETAILS>>>) and then a new simplified definition was recommended in 1994 by the American-European Consensus Conference (AECC) (Harman 2009). It acknowledged that the severity of lung injury varies, and it was a definition that was easy to apply in the clinical setting (Ware Matthay, 2000). The new definition involved changing the name from adult to acute respiratory distress syndrome as it was observed that the syndrome occurs in adults and children. The AECC definition states that the patient must have an acute condition, characterised by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates and severe hypoxaemia in the absence of evidence of cardiogenic pulmonary oedema. Hypoxaemia is calculated as a ratio of PaO2/FiO2. In ARDS the ratio is less than 200. Cardiogen ic pulmonary oedema is excluded either clinically or by pulmonary wedge pressure of less than 18mm Hg in patients with a Swan-Ganz catheter. Despite this official and accepted definition there is still argument over the ability to accurately define ARDS when it is a syndrome and not an illness and because of this the presentation and pathway of the disease varies between patients (Zambon Vincent, 2008). There has also been criticism over the simplicity of the AECC definition as it does not identify the underlying cause, nor does it require other systems affected to be assessed (Ware Matthay, 2000). The major benefit of the universally accepted definition has been the ability for hospitals and investigators to begin the advancement of clinical trials into treatment of this syndrome (Ware Matthay, 2000). In patients diagnosed with ARDS 80% can have the cause related to either direct or indirect injuries. Direct injuries include pneumonia, aspiration, lung contusion, fat embolism, near-drowning, inhalation injury, and reperfusion injury. While indirect injuries include non-pulmonary sepsis, multiple trauma, massive transfusion, pancreatitis and cardiopulmonary bypass (Berten Soni 2009). This insult to the respiratory system is reflected in a variety of pathophysiological presentations leading to the patients presenting signs and symptoms. There are 3 identified stages of ARDS. The acute or exudative phase is seen in days 1-7. The sub-acute or proliferative stage is seen from around day 7, and the chronic or fibrotic phase is generally seen around 2-3 weeks after the initial onset (Marshall, Bellingan, Laurent, 1998, Griffiths 2007). The exudative phase leads to the disruption of the normal alveoli-capillary barrier which therefore disrupts ventilation and oxygenation. Inflammation occurs in the lungs and the body releases cytokines and inflammatory mediators from the epithelial and endothelial cells. Other cells (neutrophils and T-lymphocytes) move into the lungs and causing alveolar damage. The inflammation causes endothelial dysfunction, and increases the permeability of this barrier which allows fluid to escape from the capillaries and limits the draining of fluid out from the lungs. Small vessel thrombosis occurs as a result of pulmonary capillary and endothelial swelling Cell debris plugs the alveolus lumen leading to pulmonary oedema increasing the thickness in the alveolar-capillary space. Surfactant supply depletes and production becomes inactivated. The exudative phase is seen in the ICU patient as increased shortness of breath, higher respiratory rate, productive cough, wet sounding chest, decreased oxygenation. These symptoms were all seen with the patient in Appendix A. The Proliferative Phase is and involves the initial stimulus causing the stimulation of the cascade effect. All ARDS patients will experience this stage. It leads to an increase in the permeability of the alveolar-capillary barrier leads to a rush of fluid into the alveoli. This injury allows pulmonary oedema to occur in patients with no known cardiogenic failure. This protein rich fluid engulfs the alveoli drawing in activated neutrophils and macrophages. This initiates the inflammatory cascade which releases interleukins, tumour necrosis factor and inflammatory mediators. Neutrophils release oxidants, leukotrienes and various proteases. The effect of this process is cell damage, with cell debris blocking alveolus lumen and the inactivation of surfactant. As a result platelets combine, a procoagulant cascade may arise. Surfactant inactivation, alveolar filling, cellular debris all lead to an increase in respiration rate. Surfactant loss causes alveolar collapse due to increased surface tension and causes a decreased closing lung volume. This leads to less than normal functional residual capacity causing increased respiratory rate and reduced lung compliance. The alteration in the harmony between alveoli and vascular ************************************************** The proliferative stage is generally seen after day 7. It involves the proliferation of fibroblasts, hyperplasia of pneumocytes and ongoing inflammation. The Fibrotic phase is seen 3 weeks after presentation and the patient is seen to have lung fibrosis, honeycombing and bronchiectesis. This leads to long-term chronic lung conditions. Clinical management of ARDS is focused on promptly and appropriately treating the underlying cause, supporting lung function and preventing complications related to the medical treatment and the disease process. No treatment is definitive, but early anticipation of complications can reduce the length of stay. Treatment is supportive As previously noted mortality rates have barely reduced over the years. There has been much research into new ventilation strategies along with pharmacological and non-pharmacological techniques. So far few have improved survival. The most important and practice changing study was in 2000 when The Acute Respiratory Syndrome Network did a large (861 patients) multi-centred randomised trial comparing traditional tidal volumes with lower tidal volumes. At the time patients were being ventilated with tidal volumes (VT) of 10-15ml per kilogram of body weight with plateau pressures of 50, to achieve normocarbia and pH. The study was abandoned early as there was seen to be a 22% decrease in mortality of those patients with the lower range of TV. The high peak pressure and the high tidal volumes were found to be causing shearing injuries to the lungs and also causing a higher mortality. This study revolutionalised ventilation strategies of ARDS patients and demonstrated that lung protection techniques could improve survival (Levy, 2004). It is now common practice worldwide to ventilate patients on tidal volumes of around 6ml/kg and as low as 4ml/kg and to allow permissive hypercarbia. I There continues to be research in to the benefit of PEEP in ARDS. There have been several studies conducted looking at the benefits but few have had conclusive results. Ashbaugh et al. (1967) identified patients that were mechanically ventilated with ARDS and had no PEEP became immediately severely hypoxaemic. Research has continued since then as to identify the optimal amount of PEEP. PEEP is important as it assists the severe ARDS patient by minimising alveolar collapse and improving gas exchange and lung compliance. Traditionally PEEP is set at 5-12cmH2O (Briel et al., 2010) but it is yet to be established what is the optimal level of PEEP ( Gattiononi, Caironi, 2008, Dellinger, Levy, Carlet et al, 2008). recent studies have been trying to identify if higher PEEP is better than lower, or traditional PEEPS. The problem has been what is low and what is high PEEP? A recent analysis by Briel et al. (2010) and supporting commentary by Rubenfeld (2010) has identified that the it has also been found that PEEP can be dangerous in but it is not established how much is enough PEEP. The author has identified medical and treatment seen within their place of work and will discuss this further. Oxygenation is optimised as seen in appendix A by Treatment includes optimising gas exchange by maintaining oxygenation, adequate tissue perfusion. Strict fluid balance. Ensuring nutritional requirements are met Before 1990 ARDS was reported to have a mortality rate of 40-70% in the US (there were few studies outside the USA initially) (Harman, 2009). Since then several studies have been done around the world. New research has found the rate of mortality has deceased marginally in some studies, but still not significantly. A couple of studies in the US and the UK in the 1990s have found mortality rates much lower in the 30-40% range (Davidson, Caldwell Curtis, 1999, Davey-Quinn, Gedney Whitely 1999). A 2002 Australian study identified mortality at 34% (Bersten, Edibam, Hunt, Moran, and the ANNZCCSCTG). A 2008 systematic analysis of ARDS statistics identified mortality still in the range of 15-61% in studies published after 2000 (Zambon Vincent, 2008). It must be acknowledged that some of this data was from studies with very small groups of patients in the trials. Despite this it still identifies a high rate of mortality and very little improvement in survival over the years. Improvements have been developed in the care due to ventilation strategies, improved intensive care better understanding and treatment of sepsis, recent changes in the application mechanical ventilation, better overall supportive care of critically ill patients Medical and nursing management within the authors One of the biggest developments in the treatment of ARDS was a study done in 2000 which challenged the traditional ventilation of high Treatment is supportive with the aim of maintaining adequate oxygenation to the tissues via APPENDIX 1 Mrs X is a 51 year old female who is normally fit and well. She has no past medical history. She does not take any regular medicines. She has no known allergies. She lives with her husband and 3 adult children and works full time. She returned from Melbourne 10 days prior to her presenting symptoms appearing. Mrs X has been unwell for 7 days with lethargy, myalgia, and a slight cough. She presents to her GP with a 72 hour of worsening headache, myalgia, and now a productive cough. Her GP prescribes antibiotics (Amoxycillin) and advises her to commence them the following day. The following day Mrs X is taken to the local tertiary hospital (A) by her husband with further worsening symptoms and now respiratory distress. Her respiratory rate is 30; her SpO2 is 93% on room air. She is tachycardic (110), afebrile, normotensive and her chest x-ray shows right middle and right lower lobe pneumonia, early basal consolidation, and a small left pleural effusion. Mrs X is admitted to the medical ward on CPAP Presents at tertiary hospital (A) with worsening symptoms. Respiratory Rate 30. CXR shows RML + RLL pneumonia, early basal consolidation, and small L) pleural effusion. Admitted to medical ward with CPAP, tiring over the evening with increasing PEEP and FiO2 requirements. Transferred to ICU on CPAP. Intubated at 2130hrs due to worsening condition and tiring. Continues to deteriorate over the next 12 hours, now with a vasopressor requirement. Referred to tertiary hospital (B) for transfer. Swabs and cultures taken for multiple bacteria and to identify the source of pneumonia. Broad spectrum antibiotic cover commenced. (Screening included H1N1, mycoplasma serology, and urinary legonella-all eventually coming back as negative). Managed in tertiary hospital (A) overnight with high PEEP (20) and Fio2 (90%) requirements. Spo2 and PaO2 remain low (85%/55). Recruitment manoeuvres attempted by consultant and found to bed unsuccessful. Bloods show early coagulopathy, thrombocytopenia. Worsening CXR: RUL, RML, RLL, LML, LLL consolidation. Discussion with family regarding possibility of ECMO in tertiary hospital (C) if continued deterioration. Tertiary hospital (B) arrives the following afternoon. Pt being managed prone. Unproned and transferred to Tertiary Hospital (B). Arterial blood gas on arrival= Managed in hospital (B) with high respiratory support. Peaking with Fio2 1.0 PEEP of 24. Aiming for Pao2 >60, SpO2 >88%. Condition further deteriorates on day 3 in hospital (B). Ventilation and oxygenation proving difficult. Any movement causing severe desaturation. Increasing PEEP (18) and decreasing FiO2 (0.6-0.7) found to be beneficial in this patient. ABG over the day Time FiO2 pH pCO2 pO2 0908 0.6 7.35 53.5 59.7 1452 0.7 7.36 52.4 60.5 2001 0.6 7.35 53.6 62.6 2300 0.7 7.38 49.7 55.0 Initial arterial blood gas shows Sedated on morphine and midazolam and propofol. Strict fluid balance. Commenced on regular IV steroids. IV frusemide. IV erythromycin and imipenem. FASTHUG principle applied. Enteral feeding recommenced Remained febrile despite antibiotic and line changes. Chest drain insertion on day 3 in hospital (B) Tracheostomy on day 9 as not respiratory or cardiovascularly stable enough earlier. Remained on a FiO2 of an average of 0.60 and PEEP of 16-20 for the first 12 days. De-sedated and a slow respiratory wean commenced on day 10. Patient continues to be critically ill and have slow respiratory wean on day 18 when she is transferred back to her domicile hospital (Hospital A) to continue recovery and weaning

booker T. Washington :: essays research papers

Booker Taliaferro Washington   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Booker T. Washington was born into slavery on April 5,1856 in Virginia. His mulatto mother raised him. She was a plantation cook., as well as a mother of three sons. She, unlike many other married slaves of the time, was reunited with her husband after the slave liberation in 1865. His father was a white man that had nothing to do with his upbringing. Booker worked painstaking hours at a salt furnace and coal mine along side his two brothers. He was so determined to become educated that he agreed to work the mines at night to make up for the lose of time will he was at school. It is in school that Booker picked up the last name of Washington after finding out from his mother that he already had the last name of Taliaferro. He was then referred to as Booker T. Washington. It is this determination that leads Booker to become one of the most influential black educator, and leader of the late 19th century. Washington and W.E.B. Dubois had contrasting views on the way that African Americans should progress in society. As Dr. Charles Turner stated in his lecture, â€Å"Dubois insisted on confrontational activities in the struggle for social, political and economic rights and gains† (Turner 2003). Washington’s approach on the other hand emphasized â€Å"careerism†. He believed that blacks could advance faster in this new society, which still had hostility towards blacks, by working harder in an economic standpoint rather then relying on the social aspects of equal rights. In 1881 he created what many would never expect from a former slave. The Hampton Institute president asked Washington to head their new black college, Tuskegee Institute. Washington accepted the position. The only downside to the idea was the schools budget didn’t include development and staffing for this new college. Washington took on the job and with help from his skilled students built the building from the ground up. Tuskegee became a very reputable resource for African Americans, bettering their skills and improving techniques as well as providing a better living for them economically.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Booker T. Washington is well know for his â€Å"Atlanta Compromise† speech. The speech further provided evidence of the ideology he lived by. He continually denounced the use of violent protest and activist activity and preached the idea of improving yourself socially through a skill. booker T. Washington :: essays research papers Booker Taliaferro Washington   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Booker T. Washington was born into slavery on April 5,1856 in Virginia. His mulatto mother raised him. She was a plantation cook., as well as a mother of three sons. She, unlike many other married slaves of the time, was reunited with her husband after the slave liberation in 1865. His father was a white man that had nothing to do with his upbringing. Booker worked painstaking hours at a salt furnace and coal mine along side his two brothers. He was so determined to become educated that he agreed to work the mines at night to make up for the lose of time will he was at school. It is in school that Booker picked up the last name of Washington after finding out from his mother that he already had the last name of Taliaferro. He was then referred to as Booker T. Washington. It is this determination that leads Booker to become one of the most influential black educator, and leader of the late 19th century. Washington and W.E.B. Dubois had contrasting views on the way that African Americans should progress in society. As Dr. Charles Turner stated in his lecture, â€Å"Dubois insisted on confrontational activities in the struggle for social, political and economic rights and gains† (Turner 2003). Washington’s approach on the other hand emphasized â€Å"careerism†. He believed that blacks could advance faster in this new society, which still had hostility towards blacks, by working harder in an economic standpoint rather then relying on the social aspects of equal rights. In 1881 he created what many would never expect from a former slave. The Hampton Institute president asked Washington to head their new black college, Tuskegee Institute. Washington accepted the position. The only downside to the idea was the schools budget didn’t include development and staffing for this new college. Washington took on the job and with help from his skilled students built the building from the ground up. Tuskegee became a very reputable resource for African Americans, bettering their skills and improving techniques as well as providing a better living for them economically.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Booker T. Washington is well know for his â€Å"Atlanta Compromise† speech. The speech further provided evidence of the ideology he lived by. He continually denounced the use of violent protest and activist activity and preached the idea of improving yourself socially through a skill.

Pollution prevention Essay

The article written by Chris Wiant â€Å"What is the P2 trend all about, and how are environmental health professionals involved?† discusses the history, objectives and significance of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s pollution prevention (P2) program to the environment and public health. In the early 70s, there was already a conscious effort in protecting the nation’s vital natural resources which was pioneered by Congress. But EPA wanted to expand their strategy in environmental protection which resulted in the birth of the P2 program. The main thrust of the pollution prevention program is to encourage companies to get involved in the community level by taking the initiative in becoming leaders in protecting the environment. In addition, the application of the program has facilitated the identification of its â€Å"potential for significant economic benefits by avoiding the need for treatment at the end-of-the-pipe.† Since P2 has been well rece ived by businesses and its positive benefits are eminent, the next challenge is â€Å"how to institutionalize P2 as a standard business practice, and 2) how to get businesses and communities to see that P2 can be a pathway to a new partnership between them† (Wiant, 1997, p. 24). Moreover, the pollution prevention program is not only a directive that is focused on conservation and preservation of the natural resources. It is more directed at the sustainable maintenance of the activities that were already started by companies and the EPA but in a larger scale. The certainty of the success of the program can only be guaranteed if all sectors of the society work hand in hand in order to achieve a single goal which is to reduce the damage inflicted to the environment. Another aspect of the P2 program that is very appealing is its emphasis on preventive measures. Its design of â€Å"reducing the emission of toxic Pollution Prevention 2  substances into the environment, focusing on the manufacturing process as the point in which to control toxin emissions† is an innovative idea that will dramatically trim down the production of harmful substances. Through this approach a potential problem can be addressed to its initial stage. Instead of using the end-of-the-pipe strategy, businesses can already start with prevention during the manufacturing process. As a result, massive damages to  the environment can be avoided and it can also eliminate the risk of inflicting impairment to the public’s health. Also, it can significantly reduce the cost for businesses in decreasing their toxic emissions. It is like shooting 2 birds in 1 stone because companies can save a lot of money and time by just implementing the P2 program in their business p rocedures. By mandating business to utilize the P2 program, changes in common business practices will occur. But this alteration would be for the overall improvement of the policies and procedures of a company. Moreover, in a community that practices such programs, the quality of life of the people will greatly improve and the relationship of coexistence between man and nature will continue to flourish for the better (Wiant, 1997, p. 24)†¦ †¦ Works Cited Wiant, C. J. (1997). What is the P2 trend all about, and how are environmental health professionals involved?. Journal of Environmental Health, 59, 24.

Psychological Causes of Depression

Psychological Causes of Depression The actual causes of depression are still unknown today but there are a few theories that could help explain them. It is widely believed by psychologists and scientists that all mental disorders are brought about by a complex correlation of psychological, biological, and social factors. A serious loss, chronic illness, relationship problem, work stress, family crisis, financial setback, or any unwelcome life change can ignite a depressive disorder (Psychologyinfo. om). Depression is a serious disorder in the United States and has only become more prevalent among individuals as their lives become more stressful and overwhelming. One theory for the cause of depression is the bio-psycho-social model of causation and is the most commonly recognized theory for the cause of disorders such as depression by professionals. As stated earlier, it consists of a complicated correlation of psychological, biological, and social factors.This can be caused by fluctu ated levels of hormones, which would explain why many people first experience depression during puberty. (Grohol, 2006). The exact causes of depression are vast and unknown. Some types of depression have been found in families from generation to generation, which may possibly suggest that it can be inherited (Grohol, 2006). With that said, major depression seems to be present generation after generation, in some families, but not with a frequency that suggests clear biological causes.Furthermore, it also occurs in people who have no family history of depression (Psychologyinfo. com). This is also found in people with bipolar disorder. A study on family members that belong to particular families of each generation that develop bipolar disorders, has found that those with the illness have a somewhat different genetic makeup than those who do not have the disorder. Nonetheless, not everybody with the genetic makeup that is subjective to bipolar disorder will contract the disorder.Addit ional factors such as stresses at home, work, or school, are also involved in the disorder’s onset (depression-guide. com. , et al. ). An assortment of psychological factors appears to play a part in the susceptibility to these unrelenting types of depression. People who have low self-esteem, are not optimistic, and readily overwhelmed by stress, are prone to depression (Grohol, 2006). More than likely, these psychological factors are completely accountable for other forms of mild and moderate depression, particularly reactive depression.Reactive depression is generally diagnosed as an adjustment disorder during treatment. Social learning factors also demonstrate why psychological complications appear to occur more regularly in family members, throughout generations. For example, if a child is raised in a pessimistic household, in which discouragement is frequent and encouragement is not, the child will establish a vulnerability to depression as well. (Psychologyinfo. com. , et al). Recently, researchers have found that physical changes in the body can be paired with psychological changes as well.Medical ailments such as a cancer, Parkinson’s disease, stroke, heart attack, and hormonal disorders can bring about a depressive illness. This can result in the ill person to feel unconcerned with their health and be unwilling to further care for their physical needs. In addition, any stressful change, financial problems, relationship problems, or serious loss can activate a depressive affair (Grohol, 2006). Depression is a serious growing problem in the United States.Modern science and research is slowly helping to further decipher the disorder to help slow its growth. Over 9. 2 million Americans have major or clinical depression. At an economical standpoint, depression is a major problem and needs to be accounted for, with an estimated $30. 4 billion spent annually on depression related treatments, medication, and diagnostics. Surprisingly, the World Health Organization estimates by the year 2020, depression will be the number two cause of, â€Å"lost years of healthy living,† worldwide.As our populations keeps rising and our economy worsening, we can only hope that Psychologists help diminish the illness of depression. References â€Å"Cause of Depression: different causes of depression. † Depression Treatment, Medication, Help, Symptoms: Anxiety Attacks Depression Test, Types, ADHD Causes. Web. 14 Nov. 2009. . â€Å"Causes of depression. † Psychology Information Online. Web. 14 Nov. 2009. . Grohol, John M. â€Å"The Causes of Depression | Psych Central. † Psych Central – Trusted information in mental health and psychology. 6 Dec. 2006. Web. 14 Nov. 2009. .

Free Essays on Thucydides- Human Nature

Thucydides’ history teaches us that human nature does not change, but may be overcome with reason. He proves the statement history is doomed to repeat itself true. He presents his thoughts of human nature throughout his account of the Peloponnesian War, many of which run parallel with other events that happened hundreds of years after his death. Thucydides states, â€Å"In the confusion into which life was now thrown in the cities, human nature, always rebelling against the law†¦ (3.84).† He is saying that it is human nature to be resentful toward superiority (the law), whenever there is a breakdown of civilized life. This proves true when the plague breaks out in Athens. The people of Athens reject Pericles, and after his death the new politicians grew envious of each other, and jealous of Pericles accomplishments. The Athenians also stopped caring for the sick for the fear of getting the plague themselves. Other events, such as the killing of the Melians are also linked to the plague. This massacre showed how human response in a desperate time has ‘no respect for justice’. They acted recklessly, and did not gain anything by doing this. Thucydides makes it clear that in times of distress humans become very selfish and forfeit their morality and religion for revenge, envy, and rebellion. The black plague in the 1300’s proves Thucydides hypothesis true. There was the same selfishness and revolt against superiority in Europe as there was in Athens. The Cold War is very comparable to the Peloponnesian War. The United States and Russia were both superpowers, both wanting to be on top and both had two different ways of life. However, no war broke out. This shows how we, as humans, are learning from the past. Human nature has not necessarily changed, but it is possible that humans have grown with intelligence and reason.... Free Essays on Thucydides- Human Nature Free Essays on Thucydides- Human Nature Thucydides’ history teaches us that human nature does not change, but may be overcome with reason. He proves the statement history is doomed to repeat itself true. He presents his thoughts of human nature throughout his account of the Peloponnesian War, many of which run parallel with other events that happened hundreds of years after his death. Thucydides states, â€Å"In the confusion into which life was now thrown in the cities, human nature, always rebelling against the law†¦ (3.84).† He is saying that it is human nature to be resentful toward superiority (the law), whenever there is a breakdown of civilized life. This proves true when the plague breaks out in Athens. The people of Athens reject Pericles, and after his death the new politicians grew envious of each other, and jealous of Pericles accomplishments. The Athenians also stopped caring for the sick for the fear of getting the plague themselves. Other events, such as the killing of the Melians are also linked to the plague. This massacre showed how human response in a desperate time has ‘no respect for justice’. They acted recklessly, and did not gain anything by doing this. Thucydides makes it clear that in times of distress humans become very selfish and forfeit their morality and religion for revenge, envy, and rebellion. The black plague in the 1300’s proves Thucydides hypothesis true. There was the same selfishness and revolt against superiority in Europe as there was in Athens. The Cold War is very comparable to the Peloponnesian War. The United States and Russia were both superpowers, both wanting to be on top and both had two different ways of life. However, no war broke out. This shows how we, as humans, are learning from the past. Human nature has not necessarily changed, but it is possible that humans have grown with intelligence and reason....

Ideas for Collecting Homework in the Classroom

Ideas for Collecting Homework in the Classroom The purpose of homework is to help reinforce what was taught in class or to have students gather extra information beyond what was demonstrated in class. Homework is one part of daily classroom management that can cause many teachers problems. Homework must be assigned, collected, reviewed and assessed. That amount of work means homework must be designed to serve an academic purpose, otherwise, the results may be a great waste of student and instructor time. Here are a few tips and ideas that can help you create an effective method for collecting homework every day. Physical Homework New teachers find out very quickly that day-to-day instruction is made much more effective when there are organized daily housekeeping routines. In developing these routines, if there is homework to collect, the best time to collect it for use in instruction is at the beginning of the period. Methods you can use to accomplish this include: Station yourself at the door as students walk into your room. Students are required to hand you their homework. This greatly reduces the time it takes to complete this task because it is mostly finished before the bell even rings.Have a designated homework box. Explain to students how they are to turn in their homework each day. To keep track, you might remove the homework box after the bell rings and class begins. Anyone who does not get it in the box will have their homework be marked late. Many teachers find it a good idea to give students a three to a five-minute window after the bell rings to avoid possible confrontations and to keep things fair. Digital Homework If the technology is available, in school and at home, teachers may prefer to give a digital homework assignment. They may use a course platform like Google Classroom, Moodle, Schoology, or Edmodo. Students may be asked to complete homework individually or collaboratively. In this cases, the homework will be time-stamped or a digital student is associated with the work. You may use that time stamp to show the homework has been completed on time. Digital homework may include programs that provide immediate feedback, which will make assessing much easier. On some of these platforms, there may be an opportunity for a student to repeat an assignment. Digital platforms allow teachers to keep an assignment inventory or student portfolios to note student academic growth. You may choose to use a â€Å"flipped classroom† model. In this model, the instruction is assigned as the homework in advance of class, while the hands-on practice takes place in the classroom. The central idea with this kind of digital homework is similar. In a flipped classroom, the homework serving as the teaching tool. There may be videos or interactive lessons to provide the instruction that happens in class. A flipped learning model allows students to work through problems, suggest solutions, and engage in collaborative learning. Homework tips When it comes to daily housekeeping chores like collecting homework and taking roll, creating a daily routine is the most effective tool. If students know the system and you follow it every day, then it will take up less of your valuable teaching time and give students less time to misbehave while you are otherwise occupied.Come up with a quick system to mark an assignment as late. You might have a brightly colored highlighter which you use to make a mark on the top of the paper. You could also mark it with the number of points that you will be taking off the paper. Whatever your method, you will want to make it something you can do quickly and efficiently. See How to Deal with Late Work and Makeup WorkReturn homework within 24 hours for optimum effect.The flipped homework in class as part of instruction. The homework is not assessed, but the students are. Ultimately, it is not the assigning or collecting of homework that is important. What is important is understanding the purpose of homework, and that purpose can help you determine the kind of homework, be it physical or digital, that works best for your students.

The Ultimate Guide To Creating An Email Autoresponder Course

The Ultimate Guide To Creating An Email Autoresponder Course The coveted email list, that perfect tool for building audience growth and traffic–it has the highest conversion rate in the industry (more than social media, even), but how in the heck do you get lots of email addresses in it? You can beg and plead for people to sign up for you list.  You can offer people a free ebookbut theyll have to give you their email list to get it even if they dont want to be on your email list. Or, you could create an email autoresponder course that people gladly give you an email for, and eagerly await the arrival of your emails. Yep. An email autoresponder course can do that. It makes sense for both you and your reader. It actually works. 5 Reasons You Need An Email Autoresponder Course An email autoresponder course is a true workhorse for your blog. It helps establish your expertise, it creates trust, and frankly, its a fantastic exchange between you and your readers. Both of you get what you want. 1. You’ve already created the content. The apprehension for most bloggers, when it comes to finding something to trade for an email address, is that they don’t have the time or know-how to create a comprehensive ebook or report. They feel like they have to create some brand-new, never-before-seen content. An email autoresponder easily makes use of the blog content you’ve already created. Most readers haven’t read everything you’ve written, nor have they read it in sequential order. Your email autoresponder groups related topics together and packages it neatly for the convenience of your readers, delivering it right to them. You don’t have to create new content in order to make this happen. You can use what youve already written for your blog. People dont always like giving an email address for things that shouldnt require them. 2. You’re trading an email for an email. When you ask readers for their email in order to sign up for an autoresponder, it makes sense. You need their email in order to deliver the information, and it’s a transaction that doesn’t have a hint of hucksterism. Downloading an ebook or a report doesn’t require an email, but that’s the trade they have to make in order to get it. Readers aren’t dumb. They know they could get an ebook if you provided a direct link to it. They know you’re after their email. Their email address is your prize. Signing up for an email autoresponder course doesn’t seem like they have to trade anything at all. Its an email course. The only way they can get it delivered to them is to give you an email address. For readers, it feels like youre being pretty generous and giving them some great free stuff without asking for anything in return. Your email course is their prize. Email courses are a fair trade for readers. You need their address to deliver the content.3. Readers sign up understanding that they will be receiving your email. Some readers give you their email to get that report or ebook or infographic and don’t understand that they’ll be added to your regular email list. Perhaps you didn’t make it clear or they are new to how these things work. After all, they just wanted an ebook, not to be added to an email list. Those readers unsubscribe. Sometimes they love to tell you why they unsubscribed in no uncertain terms. Sometimes they report you as spam. This reaction is rare with an email autoresponder course. Even though they’ll be added to your general email list, they still expect to get emails from you and are more receptive to all of the email you send. They get used to seeing your emails come in through your email autoresponder course; your other emails arriving to their inbox are no big deal. Readers who signed up for an email course understand; they asked you to email your content to them, and they don’t mind when you do. 4. Readers get to know you gradually, and you aren’t forgotten. How many times have you gone and grabbed an ebook and then not read it? I have an impressive library of free ebooks I’ve downloaded and never read. An email autoresponder is a bit different. It’s not the full deluge, its not a 42-page PDF. It’s your best information, fed out in a steady drip, like an information IV. And, even better, it arrives in their inbox, the place they spend most of their day anyway. You meet them on their turf on their time. An email autoresponder keeps you on your reader’s mind. An ebook is downloaded once, and is a one-time connection. An email autoresponder is repetitive, and your content can become a habit. Your emails constantly remind your readers that you still exist, and they grow comfortable hearing your voice in your emails. 5. Email is good place to mention your latest projects. Maybe you finally have something to promote. An online learning course, or a webinar. When it comes to selling or promotion, single solitary landing pages are powerful, particularly if you understand the art of creating copy and graphics that get readers to do what you want them to do on your landing pages.  But maybe you’re not up to landing pages just yet, though you still have something to promote. Where do you do the promotion at? Start with the email autoresponder course. Get some motion going with that first; youll eventually get to the landing page. Dont be shy or feel like your email autoresponder ought to stay purely instructional.  You have given your readers great content, and you earned their attention. They don’t mind if you mention something you think they would be interested in. They dont mind if you mention that webinar or other product in your email to them. Readers appreciate you telling them about products or services theyd be interested in. Dont beChoosing The Topic For Your Email Autoresponder Course Here you are, convinced that you ought to have an email autoresponder course. What should it be about? As usual, Im going to tell you to know your audience and youre going to sigh in frustration. Before you walk away in exasperation, though, read on. You can find out who your target audience is. You can find out what your readers want you to tell them more about. 1. Look at your analytics. Your analytics can tell you specific information about why people visit your site. Here are three things to look at in your analytics that give you an idea about what is bringing people to your site, and what they want to hear about from you: Search terms: You can find out the specific terms people are using to find your site, which will help you decide what the most popular topics for your readers are. However, Google searches are increasingly not providing the specific search terms  that they used to, going with â€Å"not provided† instead, so this ability may decrease in the future (at least with the Google search engine). You can subsidize this lack of information from Google Analytics a little bit with your  Google Webmaster Tools dashboard. Simply go to Search Traffic Search Queries and get a list of the terms people are using to find your site. Google Webmaster Tools can tell you what search terms bring people to your site. High-traffic posts:  High-traffic posts are the posts that people are reading, and indicate a topic they are interested in. You could create an email autoresponder out of these specific posts, or use them as a guide on what people want to read about.  An added bonus, once you know which posts get the traffic, is that you can promote your email autoresponder in those actual blog posts and target a specific audience. For example, we found a few obscenely high-traffic posts on the Todaymade blog, and created a pop-up that encouraged people to sign up for an ebook that was related to the topic of the post. These were posts that had high bounce rates, meaning people came in, read what they wanted, and left. We figured we might as well offer them related content, since they were going to leave anyway. (Click here to see what I mean.) Imagine if you did that for your email autoresponder course?  If you know people are going to those posts, why not offer them useful related content? Theyre already primed for the topic. Nuthin to lose. Choose a topic for your email autoresponder that your readers already like, not one you like. Topical trends: See if there is a trend across these posts that make for a singular topic. Unrelated blog posts might still have a connection. For example, on my personal blog, two high-traffic posts have to deal with customer service issues with Dell and Verizon. They are unrelated except that they indicate people are looking for help in dealing with large corporations when they are frustrated. That trend could be a topic. What topics are people reading that are related on your blog? 2. Look at your social media. Your social media isnt just for sharing and conversation. Its also a not-so-sneaky way to learn about what your readers are doing with your content. It is a kind of â€Å"unofficial† source of analytics, if you pay attention. Shares. Which of your blog posts get shared the most on social media? This is a good indicator of not only what your followers are interested in, but what they are willing to share with their own followers. Even basic stats are useful, such as what bit.ly provides. Bit.ly, Buffer, and other apps that you use with your social media give you some nice stats that show you which of your posts get the clicks and shares. Those posts have topics and headlines people liked. Hashtags. Pay attention to the popular hashtags you’re seeing used by your social media followers. They are telling you what topics are the most important to your readers. Plus, you can capitalize on these hashtags when it comes time to tell the world about your email autoresponder. Conversations. You’ve had conversations with people on social media. What are they talking about? What are they repeatedly asking you about? Wouldn’t you love to have an email autoresponder handy so the next time you’re asked, you can mention that it is available?  Places like Inbound or Quora are a great place to find out what people want to know about. Just read the conversations they have with each other. Answer their questions, and tell them about your email autoresponder.  Social media isn’t as mathematical as pure analytics, but it is a good measurement of what people say they are interested in. 3. Look at your blog comments. Which posts raised the most discussion and passion? What questions were asked? An active comments section is a great way to find out which blog post topic piqued your reader’s interest. If youre lucky, readers may even be so kind as to ask you questions in their comment that you can answer as part of your email autoresponder course, or that you can use as an opportunity later to refer them to your email autoresponder course. Ive had blog readers email me directly and ask if I could write specific posts to answer specific questions they had. As you can imagine, Im more than happy to do so. Wouldnt it be great to say I just so happen to have an email course thatll walk you right through that. 4. Ask your readers. Consider asking your readers directly if there is a topic they’d like to know more about. Use a survey, or write a blog post. Bloggers spend a lot of time water witching for post topics and forget that they can just come right out and ask what readers want to read.  Don’t be afraid to ask your audience specifically what they want to know, and how they want you to cover it. Wonder what your blog readers want? Why not just ask them directly?Creating The Content For Your Email Autoresponder Course Your email autoresponder can be made up of content youve already published on your blog, or new content that you write specifically for the course (or, a mix of both). 1. Use currently published blog posts. Using blog posts that are currently on your blog is quite common, and it is a good way to get started and build your first email autoresponder course. The barrier to entry is easy, because you already have done most of the work. Evergreen posts. Select blog posts that are â€Å"evergreen†Ã¢â‚¬â€œthat is, their content will age well. Blog posts with detailed â€Å"how-to† instructions on using social networks are notorious for aging poorly. Just ask me about the very long and detailed series I wrote on the new Facebook Timeline. I think it was outdated in two weeks. If youre going to use posts already published, try to find ones that will remain viable over a long period of time. Its easy to forget whats in your email course if you fall into the set-it-and-forget-it mode. Make sure your email autoresponder uses content that is relevant over a long-term. Popular posts. We’ve mentioned using analytics, social shares, and comment activity on popular posts to determine what your overall topic should be. Go ahead and use these same popular posts for your actual email autoresponder contentbut with one extra consideration: don’t forget your archives. You likely have some great posts that used to hit the top ten that maybe don’t anymore because they are a few months or more old. Do they still contain good content? You bet they do. Include them. You be the judge. You know which posts you are proud to have written (and those which inspire hidden, dark shame). Select those posts that have excellent content that your readers might not have found yet. One nice thing about using content that already exists out on the wilds of your blog is that you have the option to either include the full blog post in the body of your email, or give readers a snippet and a link back to the original post. Snippets and a link drive traffic, to be sure. 2. Creating brand new content. Sometimes you might want to create brand new content for your email autoresponder. There are several reasons this is a good idea. Rework old copy and make it new. You may have a great post that you wish you could use, but the content is outdated and in much need of repair. There are several blog posts Ive written that Ive reworked and slapped a new headline on. The foundation and frame was good; they just needed a bit of remodeling.  It is not unusual for us to use a looming new email autoresponder course as the impetus to get us to write several new blog posts for our blog. The topic or idea might be relevant, but the available blog posts at our disposal need rework. Rework an old blog post, publish it fresh on your blog for readers, and set it up for your email autoresponder course recipients. Introductions and prefaces. Creating new copy to put each blog post into context helps make individual posts seem to be part of a cohesive whole. The new copy helps frame the blog post so that it fits with the rest. For some of our email courses, weve written a preface, a summation of the previous lesson, and even a bit of a teaser that hints at what the next lesson will bring. That little bit of extra fresh and new copy helps your email autoresponder course feel less like youre just spitting out old blog posts. Create entirely new content. Perhaps you’re using published blog posts, but your email autoresponder is missing a crucial lesson and you need to write brand new content so that the course achieves its goal. Maybe youve not even begun your blog yet, and are building your autoresponder first. Or, you just want to write the course from scratch from the ground up. Some bloggers dont like creating entirely new content. For one thing, its a lot of work. But mainly, you miss out on the SEO benefit because that content is not on your site. These things are all true, but do consider this: exclusivity. When you create new content that isn’t available anywhere else, you can â€Å"sell† your email autoresponder course on the promise that there is exclusive new content not available anywhere else. Readers need to sign up if they want it. So, whether or not youll publish all newly created content on your blog depends on if you are using exclusivity as part of the enticement.

Brand Management for Rolex Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Brand Management for Rolex - Essay Example The essay "Brand Management for Rolex" analyzes the strategies that have made Rolex a famous brand. It is a descriptive case study. In this case study, the qualitative method has been followed. The data that is used in this case study is secondary data and it has been collected through websites and books. Brand management is about developing an image of a brand and also maintaining it. Brand management helps a company to define any product, position the product, and deliver it to the customer. It is an ability to generate and sustain the brand. A strong brand is an asset for a company which discriminates any product from other alternative products. It can set an additional image to the product of the company. With regard to establishing brand image, Rolex always prefers to use certain traveler or singer or other stylish people for advertisement purposes. Rolex seeks selective media for advertising their products which can help to form the image of the brand as well as control the advertisement cost. Rolex is extremely elegant to accomplish multiple factors while spending least amount of money which can help to maintain the balance between optimal cost and profit. Through their good marketing skills, Rolex successfully increases their fans and earn the honor and faith of Rolex user. From the early 1930s, Rolex focuses on product quality. The advertisement of Rolex was limited to just product level and made by using verbal statements and graphics. Rolex depicted that its products are targeted to only high-class customers.

Read and discuss Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Read and discuss - Essay Example They should aim at reflecting the eventual HR challenges, and not just through HR practice investments but through making use of practice in the creation of value outcome. The author clearly states that within every function of management, the inability to anticipate accurately about the future may result in incomplete execution of errors which may have the ability to cause harm to the organization. For example, in case there is an incorrect design of something by the engineering department, it will have to go back to square zero in order for amendments to be made. If manufacturing fails to meet the cost required, quality requirements or delivery, there will be a quick correction of the problem and so on. I can go on and on to explain various circumstances, but as the authors of this text put it, in case HR managers fail to prepare for the future and fail to prepare an adequate plan, there will be more than just machines, designs, number and sales affected; a large number of peoples’ lives would be touched too. It may never be possible to undo such a terrible mistake. According to the authors, there may be a large number of failures caused by HR professionals, who may be administratively focused on future anticipation, although none of them may be more delayed in serious progress than the inability to gauge and watch movement of civil rights’ impact. This describes the extreme effects that may impacted an organization as a result of improper demand anticipation of economic, social, demographic, global and ethnic changes. The author might have been keen on addressing the key issues faced in a work environment as a result of worker discrimination. He puts to table the different consequences faced due to the practice of this growing vice. It is up to every HR to ensure that there is no discrimination in every single working environment if he ever wants to achieve positive, enticing organizational results. In 1941, Philip Randolph, the

Personal finance proposal Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Personal finance - Research Proposal Example Should the product by any chance meet or exceed client expectations, a repeat is likely as the stimulus is reinforced. On the contrary, failure of the product to meet customer expectations it has dropped and in the end, only beneficial products purchased which goes a long way in generating profits for the company. Although behavioral principles are looked at with a modest look into marketing practices, positive feedbacks are likely to be reinforced unlike negative ones (Michael & William, 1981) For our study purposes, we shall focus on long distance learning whereby a student is forced to access virtual libraries upon payment of a fee. Research indicates that most consumers tend to lack personal awareness on what product and services they need, it is, therefore, imperative for an organization to help discover what they need. This is where the Happy comes in hand by profiling the expenditure of consumers and look forward on how they can meet and exceed consumer need and wants (Lynch, Zimmer & Mccloskey, and N.D) Thaler H.R & Sunstein R.C (2011)Â  where is behavioural economics headed in the world of marketing?

What is the difference between trafficking and smuggling Essay

What is the difference between trafficking and smuggling - Essay Example Human smuggling involves bringing illegal aliens into a country, in addition to the illegal transportation and harboring of foreigners already in that country. On the other hand, human trafficking centers much on exploitation and is in most instances defined as sex trafficking whereby a commercial sex action gets stimulated by coercion, fraud or force or in which an individual forced to do such an action is a minor. It can also have the definition as the recruitment, transportation, harboring, obtaining and provision of an individual’s labor via coercion, fraud or force for the intention of subjection to forced servitude, debt bondage, slavery or peonage1. Generally, human trafficking and smuggling has become one of the greatest global problems and is considered to be among the world’s most degrading and shameful crimes, that impacts on the lives of several individuals around the globe and robbing such individuals their dignity. The traffickers and smugglers deceive women, children and even men from all sections of the globe and coerce or force them into daily exploitative situations. Globally, trafficking is considered much worse than smuggling and the most identifiable type of human trafficking is trafficking that intends to put a victim into sexual exploitation. Most people, however, do not know that this crime takes place with the intention of child begging, forced labor, removal of body organs, and domestic servitude2. In 2005, the ILO estimates indicated that, worldwide, there exist about 2.4 million human smuggling and trafficking victims at any given instance. A recent research study on the overall trends of forced labor however would propose that the extent of the crisis is much greater. In Asia, for instance, more than 140,000 victims are forced into violent and humiliating conditions because of sexual exploitation. Additionally, one out of seven of the prostitutes in the region most probably ended up forced

Psychosis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Psychosis - Research Paper Example Suicidal tendency is more among patients with psychosis. It can occur as part of psychological diseases such as bipolar disease, delusions, depression, personality disorders, schizophrenia etc. Lots of reasons are cited for the occurrence of psychosis. Heredity, environment and some physical diseases such as HIV, brain tumor etc can play a pivotal role in causing psychosis. This paper analyses various dimensions such as causes, symptoms, treatment options etc of psychosis. Causes of Psychosis The exact causes of psychosis are still unknown to the medical science. However, psychologists and psychiatrists are of the view that along with biological reasons, heredity and environment also play an important role in causing psychosis. It is not necessary that psychosis is caused by one single reason. In many cases, more than one reason is associated with psychosis. Like most of the other psychological diseases, stress is associated with psychosis. Tough life situations can often generate in tolerable amount of stress. Suppression of stress often results in emotional outbursts or catharsis in the form of psychosis. â€Å"Being born in the winter months, being brought up in a big city, immigration, childhood head injury, stressful life events and use of street drugs† etc are some of the environmental factors which can cause psychosis (What causes psychosis, 2004, p.1). Environment can condition or strengthen some of our behaviors. For example, a person brought up in a city may struggle to adjust with the poor living conditions of a rural area. The luxurious life styles of the city need not be available in rural areas. Sudden changes in living standards or life styles can develop frustration and stress which may lead towards psychosis. I have a friend who has developed psychosis when he got employment in a city. He was an innocent person and was unaware of the malpractices in the city. When he faced challenges from the crooked fellow employees, it was difficult for him to adapt with it and subsequently he developed signs of psychosis and forced to resign from his employment. Genetic factors can also contribute to the development of psychosis. Our brain receives and sends different information and instructions with the help of neurotransmitters, transporters and receptors. Genes, the basic building blocks of our DNA, instruct our body in the protein manufacturing process. Genes can commit mistake in the protein manufacturing process which is often referred as mutation. â€Å"When a mutation occurs in a gene that contains the instructions for a brain protein, like a neurotransmitter, it may contribute to a chemical imbalance in the brain, which is one of the factors in the development of psychosis† (What causes psychosis, 2004, p.1) Alcohol and certain illegal drugs, both during use and during withdrawal can cause psychosis along with Brain tumors, Dementia, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, chromosomal disorders, HIV, some pres cription drugs such as steroids and stimulants, Some types of epilepsy and Stroke can cause psychosis (Psychosis, 2010). It is proved scientifically that thyroid problems can cause psychological diseases. In short, heredity, environment and biological factors can contribute to the development of psychosis. Symptoms of Psychosis Confused thoughts, feeling about sped up or slowed down thoughts, preoccupation with unusual ideas, belief in other’

HIPAA Violations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

HIPAA Violations - Essay Example Nancy Lee states, â€Å"If Congress did not enact legislation, HIPAA requires the Secretary of HHS to propagate regulations on privacy protections† (Fernald 61). Fernald (2002) argues that the government or law enforcers should not levy medical professionals, who share a patient’s information for protection of their own because they may need to do so in order to promote high quality health care (Fernald 45). Additionally, a medical professional may at time be forced to share a patient’s medical records with the public in order to seek for financial support, in case the patient’s family or friend permits him or her to do so (Fernald 47). Nass and her Co-authors (2009) also support this opinion. They argue that,, in case of emergent diseases or infections, health professionals are faced with the challenge of designing a proper method of controlling the spread of the disease (Ness et. al. 81). One of the most valid means of controlling the spread of a disease’s outbreak is the sharing of patients’ information. Through this, they shall have violated the HIPAA regulations, but the government or law enforcers sho uld not levy penalties on them because such situations are urgent and need quick response. These situations provide valid grounds why the government or law enforcers should not levy medical professionals for protecting their own. Whenever a nurse is creating their facility’s HIPAA forms, they must be cautious in letting the patients know that it is their rights to revoke the permission for the disclosure of confidential medical information only to the people they name. â€Å"Without the information, the HIPAA form is considered invalid, and should the nurses release the information to third parties, such acts shall be considered violation of HIPAA regulations† (Gerard et. al. 187). Sometimes, the release of wrong information of a patient can occur

Psychosis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Psychosis - Research Paper Example Suicidal tendency is more among patients with psychosis. It can occur as part of psychological diseases such as bipolar disease, delusions, depression, personality disorders, schizophrenia etc. Lots of reasons are cited for the occurrence of psychosis. Heredity, environment and some physical diseases such as HIV, brain tumor etc can play a pivotal role in causing psychosis. This paper analyses various dimensions such as causes, symptoms, treatment options etc of psychosis. Causes of Psychosis The exact causes of psychosis are still unknown to the medical science. However, psychologists and psychiatrists are of the view that along with biological reasons, heredity and environment also play an important role in causing psychosis. It is not necessary that psychosis is caused by one single reason. In many cases, more than one reason is associated with psychosis. Like most of the other psychological diseases, stress is associated with psychosis. Tough life situations can often generate in tolerable amount of stress. Suppression of stress often results in emotional outbursts or catharsis in the form of psychosis. â€Å"Being born in the winter months, being brought up in a big city, immigration, childhood head injury, stressful life events and use of street drugs† etc are some of the environmental factors which can cause psychosis (What causes psychosis, 2004, p.1). Environment can condition or strengthen some of our behaviors. For example, a person brought up in a city may struggle to adjust with the poor living conditions of a rural area. The luxurious life styles of the city need not be available in rural areas. Sudden changes in living standards or life styles can develop frustration and stress which may lead towards psychosis. I have a friend who has developed psychosis when he got employment in a city. He was an innocent person and was unaware of the malpractices in the city. When he faced challenges from the crooked fellow employees, it was difficult for him to adapt with it and subsequently he developed signs of psychosis and forced to resign from his employment. Genetic factors can also contribute to the development of psychosis. Our brain receives and sends different information and instructions with the help of neurotransmitters, transporters and receptors. Genes, the basic building blocks of our DNA, instruct our body in the protein manufacturing process. Genes can commit mistake in the protein manufacturing process which is often referred as mutation. â€Å"When a mutation occurs in a gene that contains the instructions for a brain protein, like a neurotransmitter, it may contribute to a chemical imbalance in the brain, which is one of the factors in the development of psychosis† (What causes psychosis, 2004, p.1) Alcohol and certain illegal drugs, both during use and during withdrawal can cause psychosis along with Brain tumors, Dementia, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, chromosomal disorders, HIV, some pres cription drugs such as steroids and stimulants, Some types of epilepsy and Stroke can cause psychosis (Psychosis, 2010). It is proved scientifically that thyroid problems can cause psychological diseases. In short, heredity, environment and biological factors can contribute to the development of psychosis. Symptoms of Psychosis Confused thoughts, feeling about sped up or slowed down thoughts, preoccupation with unusual ideas, belief in other’

Gender Differences in Fundamental Movement Patterns Essay Example for Free

Gender Differences in Fundamental Movement Patterns Essay Raudsepp and Paasuke (1995) tested 60 8-year olds (33 boys and 27 girls), finding that there are no sex differences in the kinematics of running. However, they found that boys perform better in overhand throwing and in tasks evaluating motor performances and muscle strength. Girls outperformed the boys in two tasks: sit and reach and balance (p. 294). This study merits discussion on several fronts. First, the researchers hypothesize that factors other than biological account for the gender differences in motor skills that they found in their tests (p. 301). Second, the researchers note that biological variables had been considered in previous studies (p. 294), and they made this point a significant aspect of their own investigation. Third, the children were given classes before the testing sessions (p. 295). In trying to account for the results of their study, the authors hypothesize that factors other than biological could account for the gender differences. Biological factors include age, height, weight, and body fatness (p. 294). A factor that could explain these differences is experience. Indeed, the authors note that, in the case of overhand throwing, girls do not have the same amount of experience as boys, and that boys have more memories of practicing overhand throwing (p. 295). In trying to eliminate biological factors from the results of their study, Raudsepp and Pausuke standardized the age factor, as they chose only 8-year olds for their study. They also measured the height, weight, and BMI of their subjects, finding that there were no significant sex differences in height and BMI. However, the boys were heavier than the girls (p. 297). In their choice of subjects, the researchers have chosen groups that differ only in the biological factor of weight. This is a significant point for their study, however, there are other biological factors that could have been considered and that possibly might account for some of the differences the authors observed. For instance, could joint length (in proportion to height) account for the difference in stride lengths in the running kinematics test? Also, if the boys and girls are similar in height and BMI, what aspects of the body composition of boys accounts for their heavier weight? An intriguing aspect of this study is that the researchers gave the children classes before the testing sessions. In these classes, children were taught the proper techniques of running and throwing (p. 295). As these classes likely impacted the children’s performance in the tests, additional information should have been provided to the reader. Who taught these classes? Were the instructors male or female? Were the children separated by gender in the classes, or were boys and girls taught together? An additional component that could make an ideal subject for future investigation would be to test the children both before and after the training sessions. In this way, the elements of experience and technique could be weighed against performance, particularly in the task of overhand throwing. In summary, this study largely confirmed findings from previous studies. The authors, in their attempts to standardize biological factors, bring up important questions to consider in future studies. In the area of biological factors: What accounts for the boys’ heavier weight? Does limb length account for differences in stride length? Is there a difference in body composition or limb length that accounts for girls’ increased flexibility and balance? In respect to environmental factors: How did the technique classes affect the children’s performance?

Chinese Media Power and Control

Chinese Media Power and Control SHI SHANGYUN Abstract Taking Chinese media power and control as the research objective and project title. This research paper analyzes the Chinese media status quo in modernization society and the relationship between government and media in China. Then the Chinese media development trend and the Chinese people’s idea of media are discussed in this paper. Chapter 1: Introduction Type of project : research paper Subject : Chinese media power and control Research questions: What is the relationship between Chinese media and government? What is media current situation in China? Background of Chinese media China is glamoured through its governance of a socialism , making it a unique structure among its surrounding partners in the global map. With its rich history , the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) is committed to the Marxist-Leninist-Maoist emphasis on the central control of the press as a tool for public education, propaganda, and mass mobilization. The entire operation of China’s modern media is based upon the foundation of â€Å"mass line† governing theory. Significance of study: The significant element of this research is to seek the fact masked behind face of media in China. Chinese media is closely related to the government; Therefore the Chinese media is changing, because the economic and political system of China is continuing towards reform. But it is impossible that Chinese government loosen the macro control for media, because in modern politics the government engages through media to connect people. The real innovation of Chinese media is extremely difficult to do. In most countrys’ , the media covers an extreme level of morality, freedom of press and unification of thoughts, but Chinese news is based on secrecy and power politics which is driven through governmental controls. . Even so, Chinese new media power cannot be ignored. The Chinese new media industry has experienced strong growth in the recent years, hence creating a breakthrough point for modern Chinese media vehicles. Nowadays information is transmitted in numerous ways through high speed technology developed network. New media can do lots of different things that the traditional media cannot do in China. This project is through the basic research aspect to find significant information to define the form and direction of Chinese media. The main direction will be associated with the government and media in China. Scope and Limitation of Project: The research objective of this project is probing into the Chinese media in relation to government. I will describe and analyze five articles and retrospective news information through literature review to make the reader conscious of the particularity of Chinese media. Pertaining to government control and effect to media changes. In addition, this paper also use qualitative research via interview a newspaper editor in chief and a ordinary citizen who is not very care about political and media. It can understand the perspective on Chinese media and government control of personal opinions from two kinds of people in China. They will provide different interview content in this research paper. Chapter 2: Literature Review 2.1 Introduction In this chapter, I will do the literature review. The current situation of Chinese media is introduced in first article. The second article provides the condition of control of traditional media in China. And then I will explain the control of new media in third article. The next is the query to government and media from Chinese people. Finally, the article evaluate some development trends of Chinese media. 2.2 Wang (2014) written about the Chinese media status quo in his article, â€Å" A Brief Guide to China’s Media Landscape – February 2014.† Wang in this article use some date show that the traditional media did not occupy the main steam. The most famous newspaper People’s Daily in China is 2.8 million copies sold a year. Growing number of people do not like the official of speech in the traditional media. In China, the development of online media almost completely limited the prospects for traditional media. And the number of Internet users in China had hit 604 million with mobile phones becoming the favored means of accessing the web until now. The author Wang said that Sina Weibo is one of the most popular Chinese social network sites. It is a micro blog has over 500 million registered users and 65 million active users daily. According to recent reports released by China Internet Network Information Center, 22.8% netizens reduced their usage of Weibo, inclu ding visits from mobile devices. It can be caused by many different reasons. But a significant reason is government combined with Sina to repress the dissidents and restrict the free speech in 2013. This behavior caused the majority of Internet users dissatisfaction. Many users feel very disappointed for Weibo. China is still has control over freedom of speech. 2.3 An online editor Xu (2014) explained lots of useful knowledge about Chinese new media in his article called â€Å" Media censorship in China.† he did a very detailed briefing. The Chinese government has long kept tight reins on both traditional and new media to avoid potential subversion of its authority. This often entails strict media controls using monitoring systems, shuttering publications or websites, and jailing dissident journalists, bloggers, and activists. Xu argues that the freedom of Chinese media is at the bottom of list in the countries all over the world. China is almost one of the most countries without freedom of speech. The Chinese government is hope to take control of the new media very much. Chinese government always use their own monitors to guarantee political acceptability of the content for the new media. Because the Chinese authorities want to control the access of their citizens. Xu gave some example, on the network some words are involved in politica lly sensitive are masked. If you search something in politically sensitive, most websites will not come out. Some words such as the Falun Gong cult and Tiananmen Square Indecent. They also established what is known as the great firewall to impeding many foreign sites. It is including many news sites, Facebook and so on. I began to use Facebook and Youtube after I arrived in Singapore. I knew and understood many things which in China can not see in Singapore. Chinese people are in some places to offline the world because of the closure of media information. 2.4 Freedom House is an independent watchdog organization dedicated to the expansion of freedom around the world. They put an article titled â€Å" Media Control in China: A Model of Complexity and Thoroughness † in their website. This article detailedly defines the traditional media control in China. The article describe that the traditional media must reflexively defer to government. Its almost impossible to publish sensitive articles in traditional media. The traditional media such as television, newspaper and radio are the propaganda tools controlled by all levels of government. Chinese state leaders utilize control of the media to publicize positive views of the political party and government and vilify those who are considered be their enemies. The CCP maintains direct control over news media coverage through its Central Propaganda Department. For example, a newspaper chief editor usually receive some messages about what cannot be reported on newspaper from propaganda de partment of the city. And the official news in China central television that usually strives to downplay bad new and tell the good news. Generally prohibited topics include larger autonomy in Xinjiang and Tibet, relations with Taiwan, the prominent dissident writings and so on. Traditional media is more closed and limited compared to new media. 2.5 In a news article which written by a former editor Keatley (2013), we can found that the perspective of Chinese citizens on the media in his article â€Å" Press Freedom and Reform in China.† Keatley argues that some government behaviors has given rise to many discontent. In fact, Chinese people very hate government do content examination to print media, movies and TV program. They want to expose the truth of society and history, rather than always conceal various misbehavior of government. For instance, Southern Weekly known as one of most daring publications in China. It planned a New Year’s editorial calling for something the ruling party finds dangerous—letting people enjoy the many freedoms guaranteed by the state constitution but never permitted in real life in 2013. Because of this bold statement, the chief editor of Southern Weekly detained by the police after few days. Many people protest this government action. A well-known film actress who blogged stan d for protesting journalists was examined. Although increasingly violent official purging, people have lots of complaints about party and state malpractice. I think many normal people has grown even more cynical about self-interested bureaucrats who too usually use high position to enrich themselves, friends and relatives. More citizens require open and serious economic and political reforms. Chinese government face huge pressure from public opinion in network. I believe that most Chinese people thinking is free, just the party want to control people’s mind. 2.6 Dalusong (2012) defined China media system in his article titled â€Å"Media System in China and Philippines, the difference, and similarities.† Dalusong has some thoughts for the development trend of China. References http://www.pressreference.com/Be-Co/China.html http://www.danwei.com/a-brief-guide-to-chinas-media-landscape-february-2014/ http://www.freedomhouse.org/blog/media-control-china-model-complexity-and-thoroughness#.U2yFDvnUMkI http://www.cfr.org/china/media-censorship-china/p11515 http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/press-freedom-reform-china-7999 http://eijie09.tumblr.com/post/18985129114 http://westernexperience.wordpress.com/2010/05/17/typical-hand-ringing-and-liberal-moral-relativism-on-full-international-display/

Christopher J.H. Wright Essay -- Religion, Jesus, Old Testament

Introduction In the book by Christopher J.H. Wright, Knowing Jesus Through the Old Testament, the author argues the very existence of Jesus Christ in the New Testament is portrayed within the Old Testament. Wright writes, â€Å"the deeper you go into understanding the Old Testament, the closer you will come to the heart of Jesus† (ix). Wright explains many Christians love Jesus, but do not know much about the Scriptures that He read. This is the author’s intention of the book, bringing the readers to a deep understanding of the Old Testament and gaining a greater understanding of Jesus. The purpose of this review is to summarize and critique Wright’s work along with presenting the strengths and weaknesses of the book. Wright has a profound love for the Old Testament Scriptures and wants to portray that to his readers. Wright studied Old Testament economic ethics for his doctorate at Cambridge, England. His book, God’s People in God’s Land came from his doctoral work. His passion for the Old Testament is demonstrated by two other works that focus on God the Father and the Holy Spirit in light of the Old Testament. Summary Wright asserts the understanding of Jesus starts with Matthew 1:18. It is the previous 17 verses that most do not regard as it is just a list of names. These names, Wright says, are part of a much larger story and without recognizing these names one cannot fully understand Jesus (1). The story is that of the Old Testament and the genealogy links the Old and New Testaments together. Wright says, â€Å"The Old Testament tells the story which Jesus completes† (2). Wright continues to break down the genealogy and reaches back to Abraham to proclaim that through Abraham, all nations of the earth will be blessed (4). Th... ... of Jesus while trying to convey his true identity (142-158). Less space could have been given concerning the names of Jesus while still reflecting the point Wright was trying to convey. While more ground is covered than needed, the author, as Long states, presents the information in an engaging manner. Conclusion Wright brings his readers through the Old Testament so they can have a greater understanding of Jesus. He presents the information in an engaging manner, but at times Wright can overstate his purpose. Pastors and lay people alike can benefit from reading Wright’s book as he brings people closer to Jesus by deepening their understanding of the Old Testament. This review has outlined the strengths and weaknesses of the author’s book to give readers an insight into Wright’s theological perspective of the Old Testament in light of the New Testament.

Requirements for Success in an Industry and the Attributes of Successfu

Requirements for Success in an Industry and the Attributes of Successful Leaders In terms of hospitality, leadership is defined as: leading is the process by which a person with vision is able to influence the activities and outcomes of others in a desired way (Walker 543). David P. Norton from Decision Point, Inc says, â€Å"Leadership-the availability of qualified leaders at all levels to mobilize the organization toward its strategy.† Both of these definitions are correct depending on your perception of the word. Leadership has many complexities which result in different types of leadership, individual perceptions of it and many definitions. The hospitality industry finds that leadership is not only a wonderful quality to have, but also a very important tool in managing and running an organization. Leaders are very important and carry with them certain traits that contribute to their success. To leave an impact that many people care about and remember you by is achieved through being a good leader as well as a manger because leadership is pa rt of managing. As a result of the complexities of leadership, there are three types: transactional, situational and transformational leadership. Transactional leadership is viewed as a process by which a leader is able to bring about desired actions from others by using certain behaviors, rewards, or incentives (Walker 543). Basically saying do this for that. The leader promises to exchange something an employee might desire for a task they do for the leader, the coming together of a leader, follower, and situation. For example, the leader might ask that you as a follower achieve certain goals for a bonus. A second type of leadership is situational which ... ... 2004. Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) Guidelines During one of my food service classes we were to come up with HACCP guidelines for a food. This allowed me to analyze and critique the entire procedure from the point food is received till it is prepared. I learned how important it is to pay attention to the little things involved with food preparation to the obvious. Meal Planning Project This project was done my sophomore year in college. It was a very time consuming project that was challenging and well worth it. The meal planning project gave me a chance to plan a menu for a full day that meets the recommendations in the Dietary Guidelines, the Food Guide Pyramid and the Recommended Dietary Allowances for an individual of your age and sex. The project limited me again with a budget of $4.00 total for the day.

The Statement of Cash Flow Is Not Redundant and Necessary for Investment Decision Making

Introduction The manager of Dowlais Iron Company, made a new financial statement called â€Å"comparison balance sheet†, in 1863 to explain the reason for the inability to invest was due to the holding of too much inventory, despite the profit made. This was the beginning of the cash flow statement, which was later made compulsory by the Financial Accounting Standard Boards (FASB) under Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). This step was followed by International Accounting Standard Boards (IASB) when they issue IAS 7 Cash Flow Statement.The Cash Flow Statement only reported transactions that took place by the use of cash or cash equivalents, and discarded anything that was recorded on accrual basis in Balance Sheet (Statement of Financial Position) and the Profit and Loss Statement (Statement of Comprehensive Income). The construction of the Cash Flow Statement is divided into three; cash flow from operating, investing and financing activities. With two approaches in constructing Cash Flow Statement; direct and indirect approach, the difference is basically on the construction of the first part, operating activities.Cash flow from operating activities are cash flow from principal revenue-producing activities of the company and other activities that are not investing or financing activities. In using the direct method approach, it would have to start from scratch; what are the cash receipts and cash payments made during the period, while the indirect method approach would start with the profit before tax figure and later, adjustments are made, i. e. depreciation, increase or decrease in inventories, receivables, payables, etc.The other two activities (financing and investing) remain the same regardless of methods used. Financing activities are activities that result in changes in the size and composition of the equity capital and borrowings of the enterprise. For example, the issuance of the company's shares, payment of dividends, borrowings, etc. With regard to the investing activities, it consists of any activities of investment for capital assets, financial markets, and even operating subsidiaries.Although the existence of the Cash Flow Statement is considered quite new in the accounting world (which starts around 1490s by Luca Pacioli, that was called â€Å"bookkeeping†), it is agreed that there are a lot of benefits with the presence of the Cash Flow Statement. This position paper will touch on a couple of them just to be firm on the topic, that is â€Å"The Statement of Cash Flow is not Redundant and Necessary for Investment Decision Making†. Cash Flow Statement as a Tool for Investment DecisionThere are ways and ratios that we could use to measure the solvency and liquidity of a company, using the information from the Balance Sheet (Statement of Financial Position) and the Profit and Loss Statement (Statement of Comprehensive Income). However, with the presence of Cash Flow Statement, it is made easi er and more logic. The first ratio would be the Operating Cash Flow Ratio which could be derive from the following formula: Cash Flow from Operations ? Current Liabilities This ratio would give the indication as to whether or not the company is able to repay their current debt with the use of the cash from operating activities.This ratio is slightly similar to the Current Ratio, but the use of Cash Flow from Operations to replace Current Assets is simply more logical to measure the liquidity, because the Current Asset includes Inventories and Receivables which are not of the high liquidity compared to cash. The investors can make a reasonable and justifiable decision based on this ratio, simply because it gives a better view of liquidity than the Balance Sheet (Statement of Financial Position). The second ratio that could help investors decision making is the Price/Cash Flow Ratio.Even though this ratio is not widely use as the Price Earnings Ratio, this ratio is often considered as the better indication of the company's value. This mainly was due to the formula itself, which the Earnings per Share in the Price Earnings Ratio is changed to the Operation Cash Flow per Share. With this change, the value of the company relies on the cash flow from the principal revenue-producing activities, and not the Net Income which was derived on accrual basis, which the revenue and xpenses may or may not have been received and paid. With the information from Cash Flow Statement, investors are able to make a wiser decision as to valuation of the companies because the cash is of the same importance as the profit, and sometimes may be regarded as more important. The next ratio is to help in measuring the solvency of a company, it is the Cash Flow from Operations/Average Total Liabilities Ratio. From the name itself, we can figure that the formula would look like below: Cash Flow from Operations ?Average Total Liabilities As mentioned, this ratio is to measure the solvency of th e company, similar to Total Debt/Total Assets Ratio as both are to know the ability of the company to pay its debts. However, this ratio is better in terms of that it measures for the whole period, and not at a point of time. To explain this, know that the cash flow from operations are generated from the start of the period until the end of the period, and it uses the average of total liabilities which does not focus on that point of time only.On the other hand, the Total Debt/Total Assets Ratio uses the total assets and total debts at the end of the period, the ones reported on balance sheet. Thus, one might increase their inventories or promote credit sales towards the end of the period, just to boost up the total assets figure, which later would give the indication the company has the ability to pay its debt, due to the high total assets figure. Apart from these ratios that are derived from information in the Cash Flow Statement, the elements in the statement itself can be helpfu l for investors to make decisions, without even the need to calculate any ratio.For example, a company may be having a negative total cash flow(total outflow), but if the cash flow from operating activities is positive, it may still be a good sign, as the negative cash flow is derived from the investing or financing activities. If the negative cash flow comes from heavy investing and causes a negative flow from investing activities, it may still be a good sign simply because the company might be considering an expansion in the future.Thus, the elements in the Cash Flow Statement itself can give information for the investors to make decisions, without even the fuss of computing ratios. Overall View of the Company's Activities Before looking at the future perspective of the company, which we have discussed earlier on how Cash Flow Statement is very helpful in making investment decision, the investors are more likely wanting to know the financial management of the company. Having a goo d future perspective may not always give profit to investors, if there is a bad financial management.With the elements laid out with such organization in the Cash Flow Statement, the investors would have a glimpse or overview of the company's activities throughout the year, what decision have they(company) made, what are the odds for the company paying the dividends, etc. As mentioned previously, the total cash flow may not necessarily give the right interpretation of what is happening to the company. This is because if it does, then there is no need of the Cash Flow Statement, as the amount are present in the Balance Sheet (Statement of Financial Position).Usually the increase in Inventories and Receivables would give an indication that the company is being illiquid compared to last period. Taking the Dowlais Iron Company (mentioned in the Introduction) as an example, the company were making profits, but they were unable to do any investment. The reason being was that their assets are illiquid and are composed by high amount in inventories. This might also be an alarming situation as it gives the signal of the company being unable to collect their debts. Other elements has their own story respectively. Let's move a step further in our discussion, comparing elements.Taking the investing activities as an instance, the sale or disposal of assets by itself may be read as a hint of the company wanting to get rid of the old machines in order to buy a new one that is more productive in their expansion plan. However, if it is synchronized with the decrease in investment in subsidiaries, it may give a different story. There is a huge possibility that the company is closing down and try to let go as much assets as possible. Previously, we have compare the positive cash flow from operating with the negative cash flow from investing (in previous point).Now, let's compare elements in the investing activities with the elements in the financing activities. Firstly, the issu ance of shares would obviously bring the positive vibe to investors as it is often read as expansion of the business. Business seems to be growing and thus, there were investors interested and bought the shares which in the statements would report an increase in number of shares. The twist in this comparison would be the decrease in amount payable or repayments to directors/shareholders is around the amount if shares issued.Without reading the complimentary notes, it can be assumed that the company is capitalising their debts, that is paying their debts through issuance of shares. This can be affirmed by reading the complimentary notes. When this happens, it gives an extreme situation of the inability of the company to pay their debts, up to the extend they have to exchange it with the shares (sense of ownership to the company). The Cash Flow Statement should be analysed thoroughly, it gives lots of information. Real Life CaseAll these theoretical can be easily argued and rejected b y certain parties, especially those who does not want to have hassle to prepare another financial statement. This point will give the flavour of the real life situation, when the Cash Flow Statement was not prepared, by using the W. T. Grant Company back in the 1970s. From the surface, it has the similar picture of the Dowlais Iron Company; making profit, good assets amount, but no cash. Having mentioned that, the Dowlais Iron Company took the trouble to make a comparison balance sheet, while the W.T. Grant Company runs as though there was no problem. By purely looking at the Net Income amount, the investors were keen to invest in W. T. Grant Company as it seems promising and the earnings look tempting. Little did the investors know, the company was not generating any cash, instead they are the net user of cash. This problem does not happen within a financial year, it started a decade before the downfall of the company. There were decreasing trends of the company's liquidity, profit ability and even turnover. However, all these problems were left ntouched and thus, the investors were not given any hint that the W. T. Grant Company was facing bankruptcy. The company was said to exhaust its liquid assets before using external markets for funds which later just grew bigger. These can be easily detected with the use of Cash Flow Statement. Apart from the negative cash flow from operating activities, the company and investors could be alarmed by the amount of payables that kept on increasing, and even the shares that were sold above the value of the company, simply because the market thought the company was doing fine.The upward trend of sales still does not manage to generate cash for the company, and this could be detected by the increase in the Receivables, which shows the inability to collect debt. All these problems can be detected years before the liquidation of the company and could be avoided, with the presence of Cash Flow Statement. Conclusion With Cash Fl ow Statement, these elements are laid down in such manner that it is easier for the users of financial statement to understand the story, compare to merely reading the Balance Sheet (Statement of Financial Position) and the Profit and Loss Statement (Statement of Comprehensive Income).The investors are able to have the idea of financial stability of the company, together with the management of the company and what the company can achieve in the future. With these information, which are not present in any of the other two financial statements, the investors are able to make a wiser decision in making investments. Thus, the Cash Flow Statement is not redundant and is necessary for investment decision making. Reference Cash Flow from Investing Activities (n. d. ). In Investopedia. Retrieved March 23, 2013, from http://www. investopedia. om/terms/c/cashflowfinvestingactivities. asp Cash flow statement (n. d. ). In Wikipedia. Retrieved March 19, 2013, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/ Cash_flow_statement Chinweike, (2010, June 25). Uses and Benefits of Statement of Cash Flow. Retrieved http://www. accountantnextdoor. com/uses-and-benefits-of-statement-of-cash-flow/ FAO Corporate Document Repository (n. d. ). Chapter 3: Cash Flow Accounting. Retrieved March 20, 2013, from http://www. fao. org/docrep/W4343E/w4343e04. htm Kestenbaum, D. , (2012, October 4). The Accountant who Changed the World.Retrieved March 28 2013, from http://www. npr. org/blogs/money/2012/10/04/162296423/the-accountant-who-changed-the-world King, Lembke, ; Smith,. (2001). Financial Accounting: A Decision Making Approach (Second Edition). In The Cash Flow Statement and Decisions. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.. Retrieved from http://www. wiley. com/college/bcs/0471238236/king/ch13. pdf Largay, J. A. ; Stickney, C. P. , (1980, July/August). Cash Flows, Ratios Analysis, and the W. T. Grant Company Bankruptcy. Financial Analysts Journals. 51-54. Retrieved from http://www. jstor. org/discover/10. 2307/44 78363? id=3738672;uid=2129;uid=2134;uid=4579947027;uid=2;uid=70;uid=3;uid=4579947007;uid=60;sid=21102061346117 Peavler, R. , (n. d. ). Cash Flow Ratios- Calculate the Solvency, Liquidity, and Viability of your Firm: Cash Flow Ratios that are Important for Cash Flow  Analysis. Retrieved March 20, 2013, from http://bizfinance. about. com/od/cashflowanalysis/tp/cash-flows-ratios. htm INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY MALAYSIA KULIYYAH OF ECONOMICS AND MANAGEMENT SCIENCES ACC 4001 ACCOUNTING THEORY AND POLICY POSITION PAPER THE STATEMENT OF CASH FLOW IS NOT REDUNDANT AND NECESSARY FOR INVESTOR DECISION MAKING